Mycobacterium Leprae and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Essay

Mycobacterium Leprae and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - Essay ExampleAn estimate of 1.7 meg deaths were reported by WHO caused by atomic number 65 (TB) in the year 2004 (St Georgiev, 2009, p. 103). This highlights the destructive and intensely pathogenic nature of M. tuberculosis and the need to study it thoroughly. M. leprae, discovered in 1874, causes a chronic infected disease leprosy which is found throughout the world. However, the highest prevalence rates are found in India, China and Africa. In India 3.2 million people are suffering from leprosy (Sehgal, 2004, p.5). The considerably higher estimates in the above mentioned states makes this pathogen kinda intriguing and worth research. The devastating nature of the M. tuberculosis and M. leprae and the increasing frequency of the infectious diseases caused by them, necessitates further study and awareness about these pathogens. The paper will discuss usual characteristics of mycobacterium and the following features of the s pecific pathogens in the given sequence- nutritional requirements, growth rate, general features of pathogen, transmission of disease, disease progression, skin testing, treatment and immunization. The general characteristics of Mycobacterium are applicable to all the members included in this genus. Mycobacteria are strictly aerobic acid-fast bacilli and are neither gram-negative nor gram positive. The reason for this property is the high lipid content in their cell walls. This extraordinary characteristic of their cell walls make them resistant to many disinfectants, drying and corrosive chemicals. However, they are not resistant to heat or ultraviolent radiation. They mostly cause diseases that lead to the composition of slowly progressing granulomatous lesions (Harvey et al 2007, p. 185 Levinson 2008, p. 161). The highly resistant nature of mycobacterium explains the easy transmission and difficult prevention of the infectious diseases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis The general fe atures about the M. tuberculosis highlight the growth rate of the pathogen, nutritional requirements, strains of the bacterium which are helpful in assessing the treatment plans and diagnostic therapies. M. tuberculosis grows at a very slow pace and it takes 18 hours to get doubled. Thus, in comparison to other bacteria it has a slower growth rate. As mentioned earlier, M. tuberculosis is an accommodate aerobic, hence it requires oxygen majorly for its growth. The media used for its growth is Lowenstein-Jensen medium that uses complex nutrients to support its growth. These include egg yolk and some dyes like malachite green. The dyes are used to hold the growth of other bacteria present in the sputum samples (Levinson 2008, p. 161). Although the M. tuberculosis has a very slow doubling rate, it can be grown quite favorably in the laboratory environment by providing supporting nutrients. The important properties of M. tuberculosis include the appearance and dimensions, the virulent strains and the chemical compositions. M. tuberculosis appears as turn slender rods that are 2 to 4 um long and 0.2to 0.5 um wide. The bacterium possesses a particular cord factor that causes its virulence. The virulent strains grow in a snaky fashion while the avirulent strains lack this property. The high lipid content in cell wall constituting of mycolic acids and phosphatides are the factors for causing acid-fact property and caseation necrosis, respectively (Levinson 2008, p. 161 St Georgiev 2009, p.106). M. tuberculosis is

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 11

Report - Essay Examplewending duck is a side channel of the river Wensum in the United Kingdom, and the peeing comes from Chalk rocks. there is also east Dereham discussion works next to it. East Dereham treatment works releases water straight into wending duck (see figure 1).(booklet).2-Biological try out by measuring the macroinvertebrate animal community over a period of time, and with this method water quality is assessed by two measurements 1) Biological Monitoring working Party (BMWP) this method measure the biological quality of the river using a dissimilar type of macroinvertebrates as indicators. (booklet). The principle of this method is different macroinvertebrate have different potential of pollution. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_monitoring_working_party.Tertiary treatment this is the final step, ultra violet and a thin membrane are used to remove bacteria and virus from the treatment process, and this water made for another purpose than drinking such as wa shing clothes,irrigation and toilets.(https//learn.uea.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1226628-dt-content-rid-1544301_1/courses/INTO-PSE-JUN14_E/wastewater-web--2-.pdf).By using a measurement tape across the River to receive out the width of the river that has been divided into four sections. After dividing the river, a meter stick was used to find out the depth of the river in each section. all in all of the results were recorded in the results section. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured by oxygen meter Do2 meter.A rope of 5 meters was placed on the surface of the river to write in code the velocity of the stream. A stick was thrown into the river from the beginning of the 5 meters rope while the stopwatch was turned on to calculate the time when the stick was travelling next to the rope till the end of the 5 meters rope. This method have been done twiceWe used benthic kick sample to measure

The Ship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Ship Management - Essay ExampleNowadays, Management of vessels is acquiring tougher even more because of the omnipresent media which plays the eye and mouth of the cynical public and due to increased regulations. And, these factors apart from making the management tougher have worked as gas pedal to initiate social changes. That is, as mentioned above, the concept of social responsibility is not a compulsion on the part of the shipping industry and its managers. So the honest-to-goodness companies, which soundd ships during the absence of these media and regulations, had no such compulsions. These ship management companies and its business managers had no such obligations and allowed pollution to continue and did not c are much for the society. Also, they just punishing on running the ships without any attempt to diversify into CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). The mindset of the business managers of that time was, they questioned the need for Social responsibility for s hipping companies because ships mostly operate in isolation in far away waters of the world. That is, the view of the shipping managers is that, as the ship does not operate in the vicinity or living area of a large number of people, there is no need to cater to them. But as the media starting making its presence, the people in the vicinity of the shipping operations got to know more than they knew about shipping. That is, how the improperly maintained ships could cause anything from deaths to sea creatures to threats to human lives. Firstly, if the shipping companies does not periodically establish the physical capabilities of the ship before it leaves into the sea, it can lead to catastrophe akin drowning or sinking of the whole ship. Then, with the development of this world, the need for oil became a timeless thing and ships only supplied this oil to all the countries in the world. But, due to events which could be triggered by nature or due to the faults of the shipping compa nies, the oil may cast spilled, leading to the destruction of the environment, particularly sea environment and its inhabitants. Other threat from ships could come in the form of harmful chemicals emitted during breaking of the ship. So all these threats of ships, initiated major changes in the functioning of the shipping management companies and its business managers. The business managers understanding the serious nature of the problem put their minds to come up with strategies that can cut through this negative fallout. And, the important tool they got is the concept of social responsibility. That is, to nullify this image and create a favorable image for the shipping management companies in the minds of the people, they started concentrating on social responsibility. So, these reasons only forced a change in the positive direction in the sector of social responsibility. And to show this social responsibility, the business managers structured certain policies in the shipping managements overall strategy. As mentioned before they can do this firstly by organizing separate events or actions like donations, giving aid to patients etc, etc- all these will fulfill its social responsibility. Or by integrating certain policies or rules like MARPOL into their setup, which apart from helping the geological formation in smooth and effective functioning, also helps to fulfill its social responsibility. And the many shipping management companies and its business managers as part of their business policy of presentation the social responsibility are conducting events. And in this section we can look how one of the major shipping Management Company and its business manager are carrying out certain activities to fulfill their social responsibility. And for example we take a look at the initiatives of Riverlake, a Swiss independent company created and registered in geneva in 1985.

ENG IP5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENG IP5 - Essay ExampleThis movement spread in many spheres of Jewish life such(prenominal) as culture, religion, secularism, politics, labor and revisionism. The spread of this kind of nationalism came to the world as a surprised and shock the foundations of several other religious forces such as Islam and Christianity which considered Israelis to be a thing of the past. The arrival of the Zionist forces in the mainstream politics and religion gave way to businessmen especially in the field of agriculture and nation (Beinin & Stein 2006). This was the start of the Jewish settlement in their ancient regions or what they called their homeland. Israeli-Palestinian conflict has its roots both in politics and in religion. Ever since the contend of 1948, the Israelis have outnumbered the Palestinians in Jerusalem leading to an intrusion of the Zionists in the Palestinian politics which caused a severe damage to the established structure. Both Palestinian Muslims and Christians were touc hed by this invasion which came to them as a shock. It is Zionism which is keeping the Israelis to fight for their entire life. One wonders whether the Israeli Zionism had taken an extremist approach towards attaining the land or had the fence force, that is, the Palestinian Nationalist Movement become ineffective (Caplan 2010). Palestinians seem to have a stunted growth in the hands of the Israeli forces in the social, economic and political spheres. Most of the Arab population in Israel became internal refugees who had little to voice out for their rights. The high fertility rates and the decreasing mortality rates change magnitude the Palestinian citizens to six-fold ever since the establishment of Israel (Dowty 2004). The places of exile were perfect for the Israelis to settle. Babylon and Egypt are regions full of resources and riches. But it was religion which drove the Jews towards the Holy Land of Jerusalem. It goes without locution that the means adopted by the Israeli forces to date are highly illegal although the Arab neighboring nations are not reciprocating the way they should be doing politically (Dowty 2004). unluckily countless number of people are killed ruthlessly every passing day. Many billions have already died in the past but the issue of promised land remains until the followers of all the main religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam come together to put some sense into each other. It is also observed that when the solutions are presented for the conflict surrounded by the two nations there is a one sided image portrayed greatly depending upon the opinions of the UN, British, American or Israeli government. The conflict worsened as the Israeli forces pushed them next to the Arab state so that it could meet a larger end. The agreement to join hands with the opposing party meant a great deal of chaos. This was however unmarked because Israels demand for the partition depended upon the initial behavior of the Palestinians when t hey first offered some joint endeavor (Beinin & Stein 2006). On being interviewed for the New York Times in Paris, Mahmud Darwish, the poetic voice of Palestine who was awarded the Lannan Foundation Prize for Cultural Freedom, says quite helplessly and innocently that he fails to choose his own reality because he feels that sort of of having a peaceful and serene mind to write poetry his poetry is colored with a constant tension of bloodshed, fire and occupation. The feeling has grown so

Midterm1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Midterm1 - Assignment ExampleThese abiotic factors are broadly classifiedinto three categories climatic factors, edaphic factors and inorganic substances. Climatic factors include the climate regime and sensible factors of the environment such as humidity, atmospheric temperature, wind and light among others. Edaphic factors are related to the structure and composition of soil including its chemical and physical properties such as soil profile, soil type, minerals, soil water, soil organisms and organic matter. The last category of inorganic and organic substances include water, sulphur, phosphorous, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and human substances. Biotic factors comprise of the living leave of the ecosystem. They include any living thing that affects another organism (eoearth.org). Biotic community is divided into heterotrophs, authotrophs and saprotrophs. Autotrophs also known as producers or convertors are photosynthetic plant, generally bearing chlorophyll, which produces high-energy knotty organic compounds form inorganic raw materials. In terrestrial ecosystem, autotrophs are in the main rooted plants. Floating plants e.g. phytoplankton and shallow water rooted plants are the autotrophs in aquatic ecosystem. Heterotrophs are known as consumers, which are generally animals feeding on other organisms. They consist of mainly carnivores and herbivores. Lastly, saprotrophs break down complex organic compounds of dead matter. ... These roles are because of natural processes of a total ecological sub-system of that it is a part. In turn, this natural processes result to complex interactions among abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems through the general driving forces of energy and matter (Fisher al et, 648). Ecosystem has four basic functions regulatory functions, habitat functions, production functions and information functions. Regulatory assort of functions relates to the capacity of both natural and semi-natural ecosystems to regulate essen tial ecological processes by bio-geochemical cycles and other biosphere processes. Natural ecosystems provide habitat functions. Wild plants and animals take refuge in the natural ecosystem. Consequently, this contributes to conservation of genetic and biological diversity in the evolutional process. It also regulates change and stability of a region. Another function is the production function. Photosynthesis and nutrient inhalation by autotrophs converts carbon dioxide, energy, nutrients and water into a wide variety of carbohydrate structure, which are later used by secondary producers to make an even large variety of living biomass. This diversity in structure of carbohydrate provides many ecosystems with goods for human consumption. Lastly natural ecosystem provide an essential reference function and lede to maintenance of human health by providing opportunities for spiritual enrichment, reflection, aesthetic and recreation experience. The Diablo Range is a mountain range, l ocated in the eastern San Franciso Bay field of operation south to the Salinas Valley area of northern California. It is perceived as an intact ecosystem has it has both biotic and abiotic

How the Rising Cost of Fuel Has Affected Air Travel Research Paper

How the Rising Cost of Fuel Has Affected Air Travel - Research Paper ExampleThis is in the hammer of efficiency, cutting be and passing on the personifys to travellers. Introduction The rising cost of kindle prices has significant effects on the note travel fabrication in multiple ways affecting airlines, travellers and other allied sectors. In most ways, the industry has experienced numerous negative impacts as compared to positive impacts. This is to the design of having some airlines pulling out of certain markets altogether or even quitting the industry altogether. This paper seeks to discuss the impacts of high fuel costs on air travel and its effects to the industry. Recent studies in the airline industry bring in seen the cost of fuel rise as a result of trends in the creative activity oil prices. As a result, airlines fool experienced increased operating costs due to issues of efficiency in fuel consumption and environmental taxes, as well as caps. This way, airlin es devote sustained increased costs of operation that have affected air travel significantly in regard to the aircraft acquired and involution programmes (Cranfield University, n.d). In regard to the acquisition of new aircraft to be used in air travel, the high fuel costs have resulted in improved fuel efficiency. This is in the form of having airplanes with fuel-efficient engines that bring down the amount consumed over a given distance (Cranfield University, n.d). ... Moreover, another field affected in air travel, in reference to the increase in fuel prices, is the expansion of long haul and decline of short haul services (Cranfield University, n.d.). This is following frequent upgrade to aircrafts that have better fuel efficiency as compared to older fleets. Due to the high costs of fuel, the industry is able to adapt accordingly to bring down the costs of operation and keep up with the ever-rising fuel prices and allowing air travel to cover greater distances with more capac ity, and with lesser fuel consumption. Thus, due to high fuel prices, airlines have opted to focus on revenue management strategies to cut all costs of operation. In this case, the high fuel costs have been placed on the traveller to shoulder the burden, in the fare they pay for the usage of air transport. However, some, instead of passing the cost of fuel directly on to the passengers, they have chosen to have value added services that are optional for the traveller (US Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2012). The services could be in the form of meals offered on board and are gladly accepted and paid for accordingly. In addition, services and costs that cater for fuel are in the form of the service that the passenger would like, such as nimble business or economy class and all fees charged for reservation and cancellation of tickets (US Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2012). Thus, the cost of travel has gone high as a result of the levies that are passed on to the traveller. Still on hig h fares, travellers have, in recent times following high fuel prices, had to pay more for the cost of their luggage. This contributes to the overall cost of travelling by air through charges for hand luggage, overweight luggage and oversize baggage. In

Conductivity vs Molarity Essay Example for Free

Conductivity vs Molarity EssayIntroduction Athetles consume Gatorade to replenish the electrolytes lost through sweat. Since Gatorade has a high concentration of solutes such as electrolytes it allows for the nervous system to respond faster to changes in the body. Electroyltes are molecules that set up disunite into ions and conduct electrical currents (EduChange 2002). These molecules, can move freely, once dissociated into ions allowing for there to be a electrical current. Because elcetroyltes can not conduct electrical currents in there solid form they are put in a resultant role to dissociate. The purpose of Lab 32 was to determine the effect that the concentration of a solue has on the conduction of an electrolytic solution. If NaCl is added to water to create an electrolytic solution past it will create a stronger electrical current than distilled water because NaCl is a strong electrolyte that can conduct electricity well due to its ability to dissociate into ions. Materials and Methods In order to test for the effect that the concentration of a solute has on the conduction of an electrolytic solution. Four beakers were filled with 100 ml of distilled water.A conductivity tester was then put into the first beaker of water to test for the conductivity of the ascertain. 20 grams of salt was then weighed on a scale, 2g of salt was placed in 1 beaker to create a . 346 molar solution. 5g in the next to create a . 865 molar solution and 10g on salt was placed in the ratiocination beaker to create a 1. 73 molar solution. The solutes were stirred until they were completely dissolved in the water. The conductivity tester was again used, and placed into the 3 beakers to test for the conductivity. For to each one beaker the conductivity was recored.After the data was recored the materials were put away and post lab questions were answered. Trends For both trials there was a sharp increase in conductivity from the control to beaker 3 (filled with 5g of NaCl). But the level of conductivity in all the beakers never exceded a conductivity of 10. Discussion The purpose of the lab was in fact met. As expecteted the beaker that had 10g of salt had a higher conductivity than the control.There was a direct relationship between concentraion and conductivity and the intial hypothesis was supported, as seen in Graph 32. . For model a solution with . 346 molar concentration had a conductivity of 7. Therefore as concentration increased so did conductivity. However a solution with a molarity of . 865 had the same conductivity of a solution with a molarity with 1. 73, because NaCl doesnt have the sea of electrons that metals do. There were inherent errors in the lab. Since the placement of the conductivity tester was not always placed in the same depth of each solution the data may be inclaclusive.Different conductivity levels could have been retrived at different depths in the solutions. Also the size of the beaker would come into factor b ecause the size determines the depth. When approcaching the lab again all the same size beakers and equipment should be used. This would allow for the the conductivity to be the tested in the same depth for more accurate results. This lab clearly shows how a higher concentration of solutes in a solution, can and will increase the electrical current with in the body.